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Source of Earnings for UL and ILP Products

OPBT Rollforward Analysis Summary   Fee Based Income Insurance Operating Income Beginning – Last Year One-off – Claims Experience Actual claim profits – Expected claim profits, from basic and UDR products Actual claim profits – Expected claim profits, from PPR products Expense Experience Actual expense profits – Expected expense profits Lapse and Persistency Experience Anything else that are difficult to explain Profit Growth from In-force Expected profit from in-forced policies (separated by previous cohorts) Profit from New Business Expected profit from new policies (separated by current cohort) Current Year One-off (Technical Initiatives) – Current Year One-off (Others) – Ending – Par and Spread Beginning – Last Year One-off – Business Growth – Change in LTIRA – Change in Fixed Income Yield – Change in Asset Mix – Change in Interest Required on Liability Expected interest required Current Year One-off (Technical Initiatives) – Current Year One-off (Others) – Ending – Return on Surplus Assets Beginning –  Last Year One-off – Normalized Surplus Growth – Market Fluctuation – Change in LTIRA – Change in Fixed Income Yield – Change in Asset Mix – Current Year One-off (Technical Initiatives) – Current Year One-off (Others) – Ending – Claims Experience Claim Profit Fee Based …

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FAS97: Accounting and Reporting by Insurance Enterprises for Certain Long-Duration Contracts and for Realized Gains and Losses from the Sale of Investments

Issued: Dec 1987 Superseded by: ASC Summary Scope: For universal life-type contracts that were not addressed by FASB Statement No. 60, Accounting and Reporting by Insurance Enterprises. For limited-payment long-duration insurance contracts and investment contracts and amends Statement 60 to change the reporting of realized gains and losses on investments.   Applicability: {US-FAS97-6} Investment contracts, Long-duration contracts that do not subject the insurance enterprise to risks arising from policyholder mortality or morbidity. {US-FAS97-7} Limited-payment contracts, Long-duration insurance contracts with terms that are fixed and guaranteed, and for which premiums are paid over a period shorter than the period over which benefits are provided. {US-FAS97-9} Universal life-type contracts long-duration insurance contracts with terms that are not fixed and guaranteed. {US-FAS97-10}Universal life-type contracts include contracts that provide either death or annuity benefits and are characterized by any one of the following features: One or more of the amounts assessed by the insurer against the policyholder that are not fixed and guaranteed by the terms of the contract. mortality coverage contract administration initiation surrender Amounts that accrue to the benefit of the policyholder that are not fixed and guaranteed by the terms of the contract. interest accrued to policyholder balances Varied premiums. Participating contracts …

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FAS60: Accounting and Reporting by Insurance Enterprises

Classification of Insurance Contracts

Insurance contracts are classified as short-duration or long-duration contracts.
Long-duration contracts: insurance contracts that are expected to remain in force for an extended period include contracts, such as:
whole-life,
guaranteed renewable term life,
endowment, annuity, and
title insurance contracts.
Otherwise, short-duration contracts.
most property and liability insurance contracts.

IFRS 4 – Insurance Contracts – Appendix A

Defined Terms cedant The policyholder under a reinsurance contract. deposit component A contractual component that is not accounted for as a derivative under IAS 39 and would be within the scope of IAS 39 if it were a separate instrument. direct insurance contract An insurance contract that is not a reinsurance contract. discretionary participation feature A contractual right to receive, as a supplement to guaranteed benefits, additional benefits: that are likely to be a significant portion of the total contractual benefits; whose amount or timing is contractually at the discretion of the issuer; and that are contractually based on: the performance of a specified pool of contracts or a specified type of contract; realised and/or unrealised investment returns on a specified pool of assets held by the issuer; or the profit or loss of the company, fund or other entity that issues the contract. fair value The amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. financial risk The risk of a possible future change in one or more of a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit …

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IFRS 4 – Insurance Contract

Product Classification Definition of Insurance Contract An insurance contract is a contract under which the insurer accepts significant insurance risk from the policyholder by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event (the insured event) adversely affects the policyholder. Definition of Insurance Risk Insurance risk is risk, other than financial risk, transferred from the policyholder to the issuer. A contract that exposes the issuer to financial risk without significant insurance risk is not an insurance contract. Definition of Financial Risk Financial risk is the risk of possible future changes in one or more of a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index or other variables. In the case of a non-financial variable, financial risk is the variable not specific to a party to the contract. Decision Rule of Determining Product Classification Does the contract transfer significant insurance risk? If yes go to 2) Product Classification If significant insurance risk => Insurance Contract If less than significant insurance risk => Investment Contract Significance of Insurance Risk is determined at the inception of issuing contracts using the Ratio of Additional Benefits (RAB) as follows: RAB …

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US GAAP – FAS 60 & FAS 97 Basic Concepts

Please note that the information contained in this post is based on my own research and understanding of the topic. While I have made every effort to ensure its accuracy, I cannot guarantee that it is completely error-free. If you notice any errors or omissions, please let me know so that I can correct them.   Applicability   FAS 60 FAS 97 Contracts Traditional non-participating life products Participating policies that don’t follow the contribution principle, otherwise FAS 120 Traditional plans with premium paying period equal to policy period, otherwise FAS 97 (limited-pay contracts) Nonguaranteed-premium contracts Limited pay contracts with: risk extending beyond the premium paying period, and with terms that are fixed and guaranteed Investment contracts Universal life-type contracts {US-FAS97-6}   Assumption Best-Estimate + Provision for adverse deviation (PAD) Assumptions are locked in at the time of sale. Assumptions can only be unlocked in a loss recognition event.   Calculation Methodology Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. 60 (FAS 60) Projects Premiums, investment income, benefits, expenses Benefits = guaranteed & non-guaranteed Expenses = commission, acquisition expenses and direct maintenance expense (excluding overhead) Calculate Valuation Net Premium Calculate Terminal Reserve   Impact on Balance Sheet Statement of Financial Accounting Standard No. …

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IFRS 4 – Basic Concepts

Product Classification Why need product classification? Not all products manufactured by insurance companies are insurance contracts Insurance contracts are those that contain significant insurance risk How products are classified? For valuation purposes, insurance contracts can be further classified into: Ordinary Life – Participating Ordinary Life – Non-Participating Personal Accident Unit-linked (Contracts with an explicit account balance) Universal life (Contracts with an explicit account balance) Group business (e.g. Group medical, Group life) Etc. Valuation Methodology (Insurance Contracts – OL regular-pay) Insurance Contract Liability/ Intangible Asset Benefit reserve (insurance contract liability) Maintenance expense reserve (insurance contract liability) Unearned profit premium (insurance contract liability) Deferred acquisition cost (intangible asset) Valuation methodology Net Level Premium valuation Selection of assumptions Best estimate PLUS Provisions for Adverse Deviation (PAD) on claims or interest rate, depending on the product types Cohort assumption Assumptions are locked-in by cohort Profit carrier Earned Premium Unearned Profit Premium Unearned Profit Premium is setup to reflect the services provided throughout the coverage period (usually assumed to be uniform throughout the year) Profit premium would then be deferred and recognized in proportion to earned premium Valuation Methodology (Insurance Contracts – OL Limited-Pay) Valuation methodology Net Level Premium valuation Selection of assumptions Best estimate …

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IFRS 9

Introduction IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts establishes principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts issued. It also requires similar principles to be applied to reinsurance contracts held and investment contracts with discretionary participation features issued. The objective is to ensure that entities provide relevant information in a way that faithfully represents those contracts. This information gives a basis for users of financial statements to assess the effect that contracts within the scope of IFRS 17 have on the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. IFRS 17 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2021. Earlier application is permitted. IFRS 17 supersedes IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts.

企业会计准则第25号 – 原保险合同

第一章 总则 第一条 为了规范保险人签发的原保险合同的确认、计量和相关信息的列报,根据《企业会计准则——基本准则》,制定本准则。 第二条 保险合同,是指保险人与投保人约定保险权利义务关系,并承担源于被保险人保险风险的协议。保险合同分为原保险合同和再保险合同。 原保险合同,是指保险人向投保人收取保费,对约定的可能发生的事故因其发生所造成的财产损失承担赔偿保险金责任,或者当被保险人死亡、伤残、疾病或者达到约定的年龄、期限时承担给付保险金责任的保险合同。 第三条 下列各项适用其他相关会计准则: (一)保险人签发的原保险合同产生的损余物资等资产的减值,适用《企业会计准则第 1 号——存货》。 (二)保险人向投保人签发的承担保险风险以外的其他风险的合同,适用《企业会计准则第 22 号——金融工具确认和计量》和《企业会计准则第 37 号——金融工具列报》。 (三)保险人签发、持有的再保险合同,适用《企业会计准则第 26 号——再保险合同》。 第二章 原保险合同的确定 第四条 保险人与投保人签订的合同是否属于原保险合同,应当在单项合同的基础上,根据合同条款判断保险人是否承担了保险风险。 发生保险事故…

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财税〔2009〕29号 – 财政部、国家税务总局关于企业手续费及佣金支出税前扣除政策的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市财政厅(局)、国家税务局、地方税务局,新疆生产建设兵团财务局:   为规范企业所得税税前扣除,加强企业所得税管理,根据《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》和《中华人民共和国企业所得税法实施条例》(以下合称新税法)有关规定,现将企业发生的手续费及佣金支出税前扣除政策问题通知如下:   一、企业发生与生产经营有关的手续费及佣金支出,不超过以下规定计算限额以内的部分,准予扣除;超过部分,不得扣除。   1.保险企业:财产保险企业按当年全部保费收入扣除退保金等后余额的15%(含本数,下同)计算限额;人身保险企业按当年全部保费收入扣除退保金等后余额的10%计算限额。   2.其他企业:按与具有合法经营资格中介服务机构或个人(不含交易双方及其雇员、代理人和代表人等)所签订服务协议或合同确认的收入金额的5%计算限额。…

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